Amorphous porous Ga₂O₃ nanofibers by iron modulation with intermediate energy level for enhanced degradation of azo dyes

Photocatalysis is emerging as a promising technological pathway in wastewater treatment due to its environmental friendliness and advantages in azo dye degradation. However, the catalytic efficiency remains insufficient due to limited light absorption range and high rate of recombination of photogenerated carriers and holes. Nowadays, wide bandgap semiconductor materials are attracting increasing interests for their stronger redox capabilities. Here, we successfully fabricate amorphous Ga₂O₃ nanofibers by iron and block copolymer modulation coupled with electrospinning and thermal treatment. The abundance of oxygen vacancies (OVs) in amorphous matrix, porous physical structure and optimized electron density distribution by iron doping synergistically improve the adsorption and photogenerated carrier separation, exhibiting excellent activity and stability over multiple cycles. This study offers an enlightening insight for the efficient degradation of azo dyes.