Combustion, emission &amp; performance analysis of surfactant mixed-MoO₃ nanoparticles dispersed <i>Gossypium Arboreum</i> biodiesel

The focus of this study is to analyze the combustion, performance, and emission properties of biodiesel produced from the Gossypium Arboreum in diesel engines. <i>Gossypium Arboreum</i> Biodiesel at 20% (BD20) volumetric proportion, MoO₃ nanoparticles, and surfactant CTAB (Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) was used to prepare blends – BD20MoO₃60 (BD20 + 60ppmMoO₃₎, BD20MoO₃80(BD20 + 80ppmMoO₃, BD20 + 100ppmMoO₃, BD20 + 60ppmMoO₃ +60ppmCTAB, BD20 + 80ppmMoO₃ +80ppmCTAB, and BD20 + 100ppmMoO₃ +100 ppm CTAB. Following the stability test, it was noted that the BD20 + 80 ppm MoO₃ +80 ppm CTAB sample exhibited a reduced transmittance of 88.3% and an increased absorbance of 4.3AU, both of which hold significance for fuel-related applications. Combustion parameters such as Cylinder pressure (CP), Net heat release rate (NHRR), and Mean gas temperature (MGT) were compared with D100 (Diesel) and have shown promising values of improved combustion. The highest CP of 70 bar and higher MGT of 1830°C were observed for BD20MoO₃80CTAB80 fuel. The values of CP, NHRR, and MGT for BD20 + 80ppmMoO₃ +CTAB 80ppm improved by 16.6%, 17.9%, and 13.94% for BD20MoO₃80CTAB80 fuel blend, respectively. BD20MoO₃80CTAB80 exhibited the lowest emission values for unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), and Hartridge smoke units (HSU) of 50ppm, 647ppm, 20%, and 25.58%, respectively. At a compression ratio (CR) of 17:1 and the full load condition, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was found to be 31.82%, which is 6% greater than that of D100, and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was determined to be 0.343 kg/kW-hr, which is 0.058 kg/kW-hr higher than that of D100. Hence, BD20MoO₃80CTAB80 exhibited promising characteristics of a fuel to be used in diesel engines.