Groundwater stability and health risk assessment associated with nitrate and fluoride in adjacent areas of Dehradun industrial area, India

Groundwater is a priceless source of water used for drinking, agricultural practices, industrial activities and other essential functions across the globe. The study aimed to evaluate the groundwater quality in the vicinity of the Dehradun Industrial area, India focusing on various purposes and potential health risks. A total of 21 sampling points were selected and 42 groundwater samples were collected using grab sampling method for the year 2021–2022. Statistical analyses such as groundwater quality index, hydrogeochemical facies, irrigation and stability indices were used in the study. The outcome of the study revealed excellent quality of groundwater for drinking purposes. The irrigation indices such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), %Na, permeability index (PI) and alkali hazard (KI) showed suitable to excellent quality in most locations. The Stability indices such as Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Puckers Stability Index (PSI) suggested tendency towards corrosion while Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) shows high corrosion. However, regarding the potential health risk based on fluoride and nitrate concentration, infants faced no risk, whereas children and adults exhibited a low risk. The findings indicated that the groundwater quality of Dehradun industrial area is directly or indirectly affected and may cause health effects to local people and the environment.