Menopausal symptoms among multi-ethnic working women in Malaysia

This study investigated the impact of ethnicity, annual income and age on menopausal symptoms among working Malaysian women aged 40–60 years. A population-based study was conducted among Malaysia’s multi-ethnic women (Malay, Chinese, Indian and mixed ethnicity). A structured 20-question survey collected data on demographics (ethnicity, annual income and age) and symptom prevalence. A total of 1825 eligible responses were analyzed to assess associations between ethnicity, annual income, age and symptom burden. The most common symptoms were joint pain (34.6%), sleep disturbances (31.1%), brain fog (26.2%), mood swings (25.8%) and digestive issues (25.5%). Indian women reported the highest prevalence of symptoms and had a 2.9-fold higher likelihood of experiencing four or more symptoms compared to Chinese women. Women in higher annual income groups reported more symptoms than those in lower annual income groups. Symptoms such as joint pain and vaginal dryness increased with age, peaking in women aged 55–60 years. Mood swings were highest in women aged 45–49 years, while hot flushes, night sweats and sleep disturbances peaked at age 50–54 years. Menopausal symptoms vary by ethnicity, income and age. Individualized, culturally sensitive approaches are essential to reduce the health and economic burdens of menopause.