Mortality of <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia in intensive care units: a post-hoc analysis of an international multicenter study by ESGCIP and EFISG

<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia (PJP) is a life-threatening disease. In the intensive care unit (ICU), PJP is most frequently observed among patients with several conditions not related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The primary objective of the present post-hoc analysis of a multicenter, multinational, retrospective study was to assess factors impacting prognosis in ICU patients with PJP through univariable and multivariable analyses. A total of 107 patients were included; 28 had proven PJP (26.2%), and 79 had presumptive PJP (73.8%). The overall 30-day mortality was 52.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 42.1–62.2). In the multivariable analysis, metastatic solid tumor (hazard ratio [HR] 3.49; 95% CI 1.71–7.13, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and chronic liver disease (HR 2.44; 95% CI 1.03–5.80, <i>p</i> = 0.044) showed an independent association with 30-day mortality. The direction of effect remained consistent when center was added to the multivariable model as random effect. PJP mortality remains high in ICU patients. Conditions other than HIV infection are emerging not only as non-classical risk factors for PJP development, but also as important mortality predictors. A better understanding of the reasons underlying this evolving landscape could be crucial to improve PJP management and survival.