PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Panicum maximum - DERIVED WHEY FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF ENGINE OIL-CONTAMINATED SOIL: A GREEN ALTERNATIVE TO DIARY WHEY

Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils in developing countries requires affordable, sustainable strategies. This study produced a fermented liquid extract ('whey') from Panicum maximum grass as a novel biostimulant for soil treatment. The extract’s physicochemical properties (pH 3.46–5.74, electrical conductivity 2419–4804 μS/cm) and microbial profile (dominance of Bacillus, E. coli) were characterized over a 12-day fermentation. Results showed high organic carbon (44–67%) and nitrate (56–394 mg/kg) levels, indicating nutrient-rich conditions for microbial growth. While the extract shows promise for bioremediation due to its balanced properties, pathogen presence necessitates further treatment. This study introduces the first plant-based alternative to dairy whey for hydrocarbon degradation, aligning with green chemistry principles.