Robots and shocks: emerging non-herbicide weed control options for vegetable and arable cropping

For decades, herbicides have provided easy-to-use, cost-effective weed management, but alternatives are desired. Consumer preference for chemical-free food, awareness of environmental impacts, regulation increasingly restricting agrichemical use, and increasing prevalence of herbicide resistance are forcing changes to weed management strategies. New Zealand farming must remain sustainable and profitable while responding to changes in its overseas markets, among which are increasing demands for regeneratively grown, safe, high-quality produce. Current reliance on herbicides should be reduced, with more emphasis on preventative management by cultural means, and weed suppression by alternative technologies. The emergence of agritechnologies incorporating automation, machine vision and artificial intelligence, and development of new techniques for weed destruction, offer alternatives that minimise or avoid the requirement for herbicides, avoid soil disturbance and can work effectively in high crop or crop-residue conditions. We have identified electric weeding as a feasible alternative and pulsed electric microshocks as a very low-energy option requiring a fraction of the energy of any other system. Pulsed microshocks enable an integrated weed management system for vegetable and arable crop production combining cultural controls and inexpensive pre-planting treatments with automated application of chemical-free in-crop weed control. Open-source software enables community development of autonomous deployment for niche crops.