Research on WSN Node Deployment Strategy for Automated Orbital Bolt Robot in Railway Scenarios

Abstract- To address the "energy hole" problem caused by uneven energy consumption among WSN nodes deployedalong railway lines for automated track bolt maintenance robots, this study proposes an energy-balanced non-uniformdeployment optimization strategy. This strategy is based on a regional coverage deployment approach that employs threecongruent isosceles triangles. By incorporating the network scale and a node energy consumption model, the monitoringarea is uniformly partitioned, and sensor nodes are strategically deployed with varying densities across different regionsto achieve balanced energy utilization. Additionally, a distributed scheduling mechanism integrating regional layeringwith collaborative multi-hop communication is introduced to enhance overall network efficiency. Extensive simulationresults demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves network energy efficiency compared to both uniformand conventional non-uniform deployment approaches. Consequently, the operational lifetime of the network is effectivelyextended, and the system exhibits strong scalability under diverse deployment conditions.