Review of Plastic Particles Occurrence, Trophic Interactions, and Toxicity Evaluation in Aquatic Life

Abstract : An increasing environmental catastrophe is plastic pollution. A common element of the aquatic environment is plastic debris. Plastic litter has been shown to ensnare freshwater and marine biota in recent research. According to the majority of reports, these plastic particles are consumed by aquatic species and then build up in their digestive tracts. Considering that there is experimental proof that plastic particles containing contaminants might linger in the digestive system. According to a number of studies, ingesting plastic particles directly or indirectly increases the risk of both fatal and nonlethal toxicological consequences. These include oxidative stress, tissue damage, genotoxicity, growth inhibition, histopathotoxicity, liver toxicity, neurotoxicity, DNA damage, embryotoxicity, intestinal toxicity, growth inhibition toxicity, chronic protein modulation, and reproductive toxicity. This review focuses on the aquatic environment's occurrence, trophic interactions, and toxicity assessment. The following overarching goals are used to highlight published research: (1) the prevalence of plastic particles in freshwater and marine environments; and (2) the ecotoxicological impacts of ingesting plastic particles on aquatic biota