A Sociocultural Analysis of Youth Sexual Behaviour and HIV/AIDS Trends in Anambra State, Nigeria

Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has remained a significant public health concern globally, with Nigeria being one of the countries most affected. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Nigeria has the second-largest HIV epidemic in the world, with approximately 1.9 million people living with HIV in 2020. Youth, particularly those aged 15-24, are disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Nigeria. This age group accounts for approximately 30% of new HIV infections in the country. Anambra State, located in the South-Eastern region of Nigeria, has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the country, with a prevalence rate of 5.3% among the general population. Cultural norms, values, and beliefs influence youth's attitudes towards sex, condom use, and HIV testing. Furthermore, the socioeconomic context of Anambra State, exacerbates the vulnerability of youth to HIV/AIDS. Many young people in the state engage in high-risk behaviours, such as transactional sex and substance abuse, which increase their risk of HIV infection. Objectives: This study examined the sociocultural determinants of sexual behaviour among youths in Anambra State, Nigeria, and explores their implications on HIV/AIDS prevalence and trends. Method: A descriptive survey design was adopted, involving 250 youths aged 15–24 years selected through stratified random sampling across urban and rural communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGDs). Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data analysis. Results: Findings indicate that peer influence, cultural norms, gender expectations, and misinformation about HIV/AIDS significantly affect sexual behaviour and condom use among youths. Risky sexual practices remain prevalent, with low uptake of preventive measures. The study also reveals gaps in effective sexual health education and persistent stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Sociocultural factors critically shape youth sexual behaviour in Anambra State, exacerbating vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Comprehensive, culturally sensitive interventions are essential to promote safer sexual practices and reduce HIV/AIDS transmission. Unique Contribution: The study provides nuanced insights into the intersection of sociocultural influences and HIV/AIDS trends among Nigerian youths, informing tailored public health strategies. Key Recommendations: There is need for government agencies, educational institutions, healthcare providers, and community organisations synergise in strengthening youth-focused sexual health education, and promote community engagement to challenge harmful cultural norms, and enhance access to HIV testing and counselling services.