Evaluating Biophilic Classroom Design and Its Effect on Cognitive Function and Concentration among Nigerian University Students

As a modern design approach, biophilic design encourages the incorporation of natural components into the built environment, which has a substantial impact on human health, well-being, and productivity. Bringing living structures to our educational spaces, especially universities, when most educational spaces are devoided of natural features, is a concept that needs to be pervasive within the architects and designers who are responsible to create healthy and creative spaces for the students. The study investigates the influence of biophilic design principles on students' experiences in selected student centers across federal universities in Nigeria, addressing the problem of poor integration of nature into educational facilities, which may affect users’ well-being and spatial experience. The study aims to evaluate how students perceive and interact with elements of biophilic design through three main objectives: to assess Direct Contact with Nature, Indirect Contact with Nature, and Experience of Space and Place within the selected centers. A mixed-method approach was adopted, utilizing qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Primary data were obtained through structured observation checklists and semi-structured interviews. The population comprised federal university student centers in Nigeria, with four student centers purposively selected as the sample. Twenty students (five per center) were interviewed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic interpretation. Findings revealed that while some natural elements like courtyards (75%) and tree planting (75%) were moderately present, critical biophilic elements such as skylights, indoor plants, façade greening, and natural materials were grossly lacking. Only 25% of the centers utilized natural construction materials, and 0% featured skylights or green roofs. Experiences of place and space showed good circulation (100%) but poor harmony of interiors (25%) and signage (0%). Security perception averaged 60%, while aesthetic satisfaction remained low at 25%. The study concludes that biophilic design is underutilized in Nigerian university student centers, limiting its benefits. It recommends that design professionals and stakeholders prioritize integrating natural features to improve users’ psychological comfort, spatial experience, and overall well-being.