Yolk Sac Diameter and Morphology as A Predictor of Pregnancy Outcome

Abstract Background: Pregnancy refers to the condition of nurturing a developing embryo or fetus within the womb. Ultrasonographic assessment of the yolk sac is advantageous for confirming an intrauterine pregnancy and for predicting gestational outcomes by evaluating its morphology, dimensions, and internal characteristics. Hence; the present study was conducted with the assessing yolk sac diameter and morphology as a predictor of pregnancy outcome. Materials & methods: A total of 60 patients participated in the study. In addition to sonographic data, various demographic and medical factors were documented, including participants' age, gravida status, menstrual regularity, date of the last menstrual period, history of previous abortions, existing medical conditions, and personal habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Hemoglobin levels, platelet counts, and urine microscopy results were also recorded. Participants who did not attend the follow-up scan were excluded from the analysis. Measurements exceeding two standard deviations for yolk sac diameter, crown-rump length, or gestational sac size were deemed abnormal. The sensitivity and specificity of abnormal yolk sac diameter in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes were subsequently calculated. Results: A total of 60 subjects were evaluated. Overall, sensitivity and specificity of YSD for assessing abnormal pregnancy outcome was 92.3% and 55.4% respectively. Overall, sensitivity and specificity of Yolk sac morphology for assessing abnormal pregnancy outcome was 95.3% and 58.4% respectively. Conclusion: The assessment of yolk sac diameter and morphology during the sixth to tenth weeks of gestation serves as a predictive indicator for first trimester pregnancy outcomes.