HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF AN EMERGING RESPIRATORY PATHOGEN

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus that primarily causes infections in the lungs and airways, particularly affecting young children, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. Discovered in 2001, hMPV has since been recognized as a long-circulating pathogen. It spreads through respiratory droplets via coughing, sneezing, or close contact with an infected person. The virus typically produces cold- or flu-like symptoms, such as cough, fever, runny nose, and shortness of breath. However, in more severe cases, it can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia, especially in individuals with pre-existing health conditions. hMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes other respiratory viruses like Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). It possesses a single-stranded RNA genome and is classified into two major types—type A and type B—each further divided into two subtypes. These variants may differ slightly in clinical presentation and tend to circulate seasonally, with peaks in winter or early spring. While most infections are self-limiting and treated with supportive care, hMPV can exacerbate chronic conditions like asthma or COPD in vulnerable individuals. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or approved vaccine for hMPV, though research is ongoing. Enhancing understanding of the virus’s transmission and impact is crucial for developing preventive strategies and protecting high-risk populations.