Sleep as the basis for health: consequences of poor sleep and the role of sleep hygiene

Sleep is a fundamental biological process, playing a key role in maintaining neuronal plasticity, central nervous system homeostasis and overall somatic health. Chronic sleep disturbances are associated with numerous adverse effects on cognitive function, emotional regulation, metabolic balance, cardiovascular and immune systems, and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in behavioral interventions as a means of improving and preventing sleep disturbances. Among these, sleep hygiene principles have emerged as an accessible and practical tool for improving sleep both in clinical practice and in the general population. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of sleep in health, the consequences of its disruption, and the mechanisms by which components of sleep hygiene may contribute to better sleep health.