Application of YOM and HCM models on three-dimensional MHD Casson and tri-hybrid (Fe3O4 + Cu + TiO2 ) nanofluid with Double Diffusion effects

This research investigates the characteristics of tri-hybrid nanofluids (Fe3O4 + Cu + TiO2) under magnetic fields and double diffusion (Soret and Dufour) effects in relation to a nonlinear stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium, employing novel mathematical frameworks, specifically the Yamada-Ota Model (YOM) and the Hamilton-Crosser Model (HCM), due to the intriguing capabilities of nanofluids. According to our assumptions, the authors will formulate the flow-control equations. Non-linear partial differential equations that do not provide precise solutions via a similarity transformation may be transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations