A Review on Hughes Syndrome

Hughes Syndrome is also known as Antiphospolipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hypercoagualability, leading to venous and /or arterial thrombosis and pregnancy-related complications. Obstetric manifestations include recurrent miscarriges, fetal death beyond the 10th week of gestation, and/or premature births. The clinical criteria for APS encompasses several specific events : three or more consecutive, unexplained miscarriages occurring before the 10th week of gestation; one or more unexplained deaths of a morphologically normal fetus at or beyond the 10th week; and one or more premature births of a morphologically normal neonate before the 34th week of gestation, typically due to eclampsia, severe preeclampsia, or placental insufficiency. From a serological perspective, the standard laboratory tests for APS involve the detection of a lupus anticoagulant(LAC) or IgG and/or IgManti-ß2 -glycoprotein antibodies (anti-ß2-GpI). For diagnosis, these antibodies must be present on two or more occasions at least 12 weeks apart.According to the international Consensus Criteria (Revised Sapporo Criteria) , a diagnosis of APS requires the presence of at least one clinical and one laboratory criterion. Treatment of APS primarily involves anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, typically requiring lifelong anticoagulation.In cases of pregnancy morbidity, low-dose aspirin combined with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) Is considered the standard treatment. In rare and severe cases such as catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, aggressive management with anticoagulation, plasma exchange, and corticosteroids is warranted. The average age of patients with primary APS is reported to be around 35 to 40 years and the conditions is significantly more common in women than in men..