Hubble Tension Solution by a Thermodynamic Model

The Hubble Expansion Model (H-model), part of the Vacuum Energy Quanta Field (VEQF) Theory, redefines cosmic expansion as a thermodynamic drift process within a structured energy lattice, offering a novel resolution to the Hubble Tension. By separating a primordial drift rate (2.18e-18 s^-1, matching Planck’s measurement) and a local thermodynamic response (contributing approximately 0.19e-18 s^-1, aligning with SH0ES at 2.37e-18 s^-1), the model reconciles early- and late-universe measurements without exotic physics or arbitrary parameters. Validated against 500 quasars from the SDSS DR16 catalog (redshift range 0.241–2.299), the model achieves a drift rate range of 2.18e-18 to 2.37e-18 s^-1 with zero outliers above 2.5e-18 s^-1. This non-temporal, lattice-based approach provides a unified framework for cosmic expansion, complementing standard cosmological models. This paper supersedes the invalid "Hubble Expansion Model" (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16759061).