PHARMACOGENETICS: HOW GENOTYPE AFFECTS DRUG EFFICACY AND SAFETY

PHARMACOGENETICS: HOW GENOTYPE AFFECTS DRUG EFFICACY AND SAFETY Betsy James Assistant of the Department of Medical Biology and GeneticsSamarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15622863 ABSTRACT: Pharmacogenetics investigates how genetic variability influences individual responses to drug therapy. This review highlights the most clinically significant pharmacogenetic markers—particularly genes involved in drug metabolism (CYP2D6, CYP2C19), pharmacodynamic targets (VKORC1), and drug transport (SLCO1B1). It also addresses how genotyping can help optimize drug selection, dosing, and reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions. Incorporating pharmacogenetic testing into clinical practice represents a cornerstone of personalized medicine, enabling safer and more effective treatment strategies. Keywords: pharmacogenetics, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, VKORC1, TPMT, SLCO1B1, personalized medicine, drug metabolism, genetic polymorphism, treatment safety.