Modeling Successful and Failed Type Ia Supernovae in Single Massive CO White Dwarfs

We studied a variety of single-degenerate carbon-oxygen sub Chandrasekhar white dwarfs with different masses (core densities) using 3D simulations of the deflagration ignition mechanism. Our findings show that the single-degenerate deflagration scenario, which can result in partially to fully exploding supernovae (SNe), is capable of generating the entire range of Type Iax SNe. This is consistent with the amount of nickel produced (0.03-0.2 $\mathrm{M}_\odot$) and aligns with other observational properties of Type Iax SNe, such as ejected velocities of a few thousand $\mathrm{km/s}$ and kick velocities of the remnant material of about a few hundred $\mathrm{km/s}$. Furthermore, our study suggests that as the white dwarf mass approaches the Chandrasekhar limit, ignition and partial explosion can occur at masses well below the Chandrasekhar limit. This implies that a significant population of white dwarfs may never reach the Chandrasekhar mass and will instead be observed as Type Iax supernovae.