ONCOVIRUSES AND CANCER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MECHANISMS, TYPES, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

AbstractCancer is a complex and gross disease, which involves the uncontrolled growth of cells in thebody and Viral infections are among the major causes of cancer. Some of these viruses areoncoviruses that are responsible for about 15 to 20 percent of all cancers in humans includingHuman papillomavirus (HPV), Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Epstein Barr virus (EBV),Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV). These viruses can cause carcinogenesis invarious ways; for example, by integrating their DNA into the host cell DNA and alter genes’function or by releasing proteins that interfere with cell signaling and cause inflammation thatin the course of a long time creates DNA harm. In experimental model, it has been shown thatviral DNA is present in tumor tissues, viral genes transform the cells and epidemiological datashow association of certain viruses with certain cancers. For instance, while HPV is linked tocervical and anogenital cancers, then HBV as well as HCV is significantly linked to livercancer. Treatments for these oncoviruses include vaccination ( for example HPV, HBV) ,antiviral therapy for chronic diseases, immunotherapy for increasing the ability of the host torespond to the virus-infected cells. Further investigation of the molecular events in viraloncogenesis offers a promise for the identification of novel strategies in fighting viral cancers.Knowledge of interaction between viruses and cancer will improve on the management ofvirus-associated to carcinogenic diseases in the world. This review gives a comprehensive ideaon oncovirus, their mechanism on carcinogenesis and therapeutic approaches.