ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF WATER TRANSPORT IN COMBINED, INTERMODAL AND MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT

Abstract This article examines the role and importance of water transport in the context of combined, intermodal, and multimodal freight transport. It presents the definitions, principles, and basic technical and legal aspects of these transport concepts. Special attention is paid to intermodal transport units and their application in combining sea transport with various types of specialized vessels, such as container ships, train ferries, Ro-Ro ships, lighters, and pallet carriers. The organization of multimodal transport is analyzed, in which the multimodal transport operator (MTO) is responsible for the entire transport chain, including the participation of subcontractors such as sea and inland waterway carriers. The article also explores combined transport, where water transport—particularly sea and inland waterways—constitutes the main segment of the route, while road transport is limited to short initial or final legs. The regulatory framework related to multimodal and combined transport is discussed, emphasizing its importance for the development of international trade and logistics. In conclusion, the article highlights the key role of water transport in effectively implementing sustainable and integrated international transport chains.