Effects of Various Therapeutic Exercises on Gait and Balance in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative illness after Alzheimer's disease. It affects approximately 1-2 people per 1000, with prevalence increasing with age, impacting 1% of those over 60. The disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting in reduced dopamine levels in the striatum and leading to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability. These motor impairments contribute to significant mobility and postural control issues, increasing the risk of falls and negatively affecting patients' quality of life. Freezing of gait is a common and challenging symptom that further complicates mobility and increases fall risk. Given the progressive nature of PD and its impact on motor function, this review aims to compile and assess the effectiveness of various therapies in enhancing gait and balance in individuals with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize and evaluate the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions designed to improve gait and balance function in patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Study Selection: A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases to identify relevant studies investigating interventions for gait and balance in PD.