Advancements in Neuromodulation Therapies for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Comprehensive Review

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating neuropathic disorder characterized by sudden, severe facial pain. While pharmacological treatments and surgical interventions have been the mainstay of management, neuromodulation therapies have emerged as promising alternatives, particularly for patients with refractory or atypical TN. This review aims to critically evaluate the current neuromodulation strategies, including peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), motor cortex stimulation (MCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), highlighting their mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical applications.