Lumpy Skin Disease: A Comprehensive Overview of Etiology, Transmission Pathogenesis and Economic Impact

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral transboundary disease that has the potential to spread beyond its initial outbreak area and become epidemic (Jordi et al., 2018; K, 2014; K et al., 2021). This disease, which primarily affects cattle, is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus classified within the Capripoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae (Gupta et al., 2020). The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes LSD as one of the most economically significant and notifiable transboundary viral animal diseases. It is also known by alternative designations, such as pseudourticaria, Neethling pox virus disease, Exanthema nodularisbovis and Knopvelsiekte (K et al., 2014; Tuppurainen et al., 2017). The transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) occurs through several primary pathways, including: (i) mechanical transmission via blood-feeding arthropod vectors; (ii) direct contact between infected and healthy animals (Tuppurainen et al., 2021; Kononov et al., 2020); and (iii) contamination of food and water sources. Furthermore, the transportation of animals significantly contributes to the long-distance spread of the virus (Tuppurainen et al., 2021; Calistri et al., 2020). Clinical manifestations of LSD include the development of skin nodules, fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, depression, emaciation, and a decrease in milk production. These clinical signs can result in severe repercussions, including abortions in pregnant cows, infertility in bulls, and a decline in overall herd productivity (Kumar et al., 2022). Given that LSD can lead to reproductive failures, irreversible damage to hides, diminished weight gain, and both temporary and permanent reductions in milk output, the disease entails considerable financial implications for livestock producers (Leliso et al., 2021). The diagnosis of LSD can be confirmed through the evaluation of historical data, clinical signs and symptoms, and laboratory results