References to Tribals and Tribes in the Ramayana and Mahabharata: A Critical Study

The Ramayana and Mahabharata, two of the most significant epics of ancient India, provide extensive references to various tribal communities. These texts portray tribals both as noble allies and as formidable adversaries, reflecting their role in ancient Indian society. The Ramayana features characters like Guha, the Nishada chieftain, and Shabari, a tribal devotee of Lord Rama, highlighting their loyalty and wisdom. The Mahabharata mentions tribes such as the Nishadas, Nagas, Kiratas, and Rakshasas, who played significant roles in various battles and interactions with central characters. This paper critically examines the representation of these tribal groups, analyzing their socio-political and cultural status in the context of ancient Indian society. Through an exploration of both epics, this study aims to understand how these texts influenced perceptions of tribal communities over time.