HIV-Related Skin Manifestations: Clinical Presentation

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is associated with a wide spectrum of dermatological manifestations, which often serve as initial indicators of immune dysregulation and disease progression. These cutaneous reactions range from infectious dermatoses, such as viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, to inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, including seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The underlying pathophysiology of these dermatological reactions is multifactorial, involving direct viral effects, immune suppression, and opportunistic infections. This article provides a comprehensive review of the dermatological reactions observed in HIV-positive patients, emphasizing their clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions. By understanding the dermatological spectrum of HIV, clinicians can improve early diagnosis, optimize treatment, and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals. The review also highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in managing these complex dermatological conditions.