Perceptions of Gender, Masculinity, Feminism, and Changing Family Welfare Roles in Urban Rwanda

Abstract: As Rwanda undergoes rapid urbanization, traditional gender roles are increasingly contested, redefined, and renegotiated. This study explores the evolving dynamics of masculinity, feminism, and family welfare roles in urban Rwanda, focusing on the perceptions of 41 social sciences students at the Catholic University of Rwanda (CUR). The research investigates how students conceptualize masculinity and feminism, and how these perceptions intersect with shifting familial responsibilities in cities. Guided by theoretical frameworks including Judith Butler’s gender performativity, Raewyn Connell’s hegemonic masculinity, and feminist perspectives on domestic labor, the study applies a cultural anthropology lens to analyze contemporary urban kinship and household structures. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining structured questionnaires with focus group discussions to gather both quantitative and qualitative insights. Statistical results indicate that 78% of respondents perceive masculinity as transforming, with emotional engagement and caregiving now seen as appropriate male roles. Furthermore, 85% confirm women’s economic empowerment, although 62% acknowledge ongoing societal resistance to female leadership within families. Respondents highlighted increased male participation in caregiving and domestic duties, while also noting persistent intergenerational tensions and cultural pressures. The findings suggest that urbanization, access to education, and exposure to global feminist discourses are fostering more egalitarian gender norms. Nevertheless, full gender parity in family welfare roles remains a work in progress. This study concludes that urban Rwandan households are transitioning toward shared responsibilities, and calls for gender-sensitive policies that reinforce these shifts. Future research should expand to peri-urban and rural contexts to deepen understanding of gender transformations across Rwanda.