Advances in Neurosurgical Techniques for Resection of Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Comprehensive Study

The advances in neurosurgical techniques for the resection of glioblastoma multiform (GBM) have created a mismatched emphasis on extensive tumor resection versus neurological preservation. Advanced imaging technologies, especially intraoperative MRI and CT scan, have taken center stage in this research, as they give better surgical confidence in the delineation of tumor margins. The study was a retrospective cohort that focused on the outcomes of surgical resection of glioblastoma in multi-hospitals in Iraq for about a twelve-month period from 2024 to 2025, with a total of 165 cases recruited who met the diagnosis of GBM. Fluorescence-guided surgery proves to be a highlight, whereby it assists the surgeon to differentiate between tumor and normal tissues, thus enhancing resection with less collateral injury to the brain parenchyma. The advent of robotics and greater performance of neuronavigation have further contributed to the accuracy and skill of the surgeon, but nevertheless, the infiltrative kind of GBM contrasts with gross removal. The study suggests that gross total resection improves the prognosis of patients, which corresponds with what the literatures suggest-that: the extent of resection correlates with survival rates. Even with advances in technology, however, the GBM prognosis still remains grim, as seen from the median survival rate. The study further mentions the advantages of minimally invasive approaches in endoscopic or keyhole surgery for quicker recovery and better quality of life. Together with laser ablation and ultrasound, these methods allow exact destruction of the tumor with minimal collateral injury. The authors call for further research and innovations, with an emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach that combines extreme surgical precision with complete teamwork in patient care to achieve the best outcomes possible for patients with GBM