Illuminating Inequality: Spatial Patterns of Light Pollution and Socioeconomic Disparity Across England

Artificial light pollution at night (ALAN) poses significant environmental and social challenges, impacting biodiversity, human health, and energy efficiency. This study examines the spatial distribution of ALAN across England and its relationship with population density, income, and Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). Using 2022 VIIRS data, Moran’s I, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) were applied to assess these relationships. GWR outperformed OLS, capturing spatial heterogeneity and revealing localized associations. Population density emerged as the strongest predictor, particularly in urban areas, while income was a key factor in affluent southern regions. Elevated ALAN in deprived areas suggest the influence of additional factors like land use and infrastructure. These findings underscore the need for localized lighting strategies to address environmental and social disparities and promote sustainable urban planning.