CONSTRUCTIVE-TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF MEMORIAL AND CULT RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS IN KAZAKHSTAN

This article examines the architectural development of memorial and religious cult buildings in Kazakhstan from the medieval period through the 19th century. Focusing on historical structures such as mausoleums and shrines, it analyzes their architectural design, structural systems, construction materials, and technological innovations. Key examples, including the 11th–12th century Karakhanid-era tombs and the monumental 14th-century Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, are discussed to illustrate how construction techniques and architectural forms evolved. The analysis highlights the use of fired brick and terracotta, the introduction of large-span domes and elaborate tile ornamentation during the Timurid period, and the symbolic meaning imbued in architectural elements.