Cubosomes: A Smart Nanocarrier For Next-Gen Medicine

ABSTRACT: Cubosomes are novel nanostructured lipid carriers having a specific bicontinuous cubic phase structure, generated by the self-assembly of amphiphilic lipids like monoolein or phytantriol in the presence of water and stabilised by surfactants such as poloxamers. This highly complex internal organisation enables the entrapment of hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic drugs, improving their solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Due to high surface area, thermodynamic stability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, cubosomes form a sophisticated platform for controlled and targeted drug delivery. Formulation optimization, enhanced structural integrity, and increased application areas of cubosomes like oral, topical, transdermal, and intravenous drug delivery have been the focus of recent studies. Site-specific delivery, particularly useful in the treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases, can be achieved by functionalizing with targeting ligands and polymers. Additionally, cubosomes have shown promise in vaccine and gene delivery because they can encapsulate and shield protein and nucleic acid-based substances. In cosmetics and nutraceuticals, cubosomes enable the delivery of sensitive ingredients such as vitamins, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids. Preparation methods involve top-down, bottom-up, spray-drying, and sonication processes, each providing unique benefits depending on application. Quality and performance of formulations are guaranteed by evaluation techniques like cryo-TEM, SAXS, DLS, and HPLC. Although problems such as scalability, long-term stability, and cytotoxicity at high levels of concentration remain, further research helps in improving cubosome technology.