Examples of counterexamples: a book conspectus

A counterexample is any exception to a generalization. Counterexamples are often used in science (and philosophy), as a means to setting boundaries. In mathematics at large, well-chosen counterexamples may bound possible theorems, disprove certain conjectures. This conspectus is (mostly) meant to gather and share counterexample book references (on algebra, analysis, calculus, logic, philosophy, probability, statistics, topology).