Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Kidney and Upper Ureteric Stones: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis, a condition affecting kidneys and the urinary tract, impacts around 20 lakh individuals annually in India. Influenced by several factors, untreated and recurrent renal stone often lead to development of serious complications. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has been proven to be effective in treating complex and large stones. This study examined risk factors for kidney and upper ureteric stones and assessed the outcomes and complications of PCNL. Aim: To determine the effect of various risk factors predisposing to urolithiasis and evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of PCNL. Methods: This study included 88 patients with renal calculi. Their history, pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative parameters were collected and analysed cross-sectionally. Results: The study had the following findings-(1). Almost equal incidence of renal stones in both genders, mean age was 39.37 years and those with non-vegetarian diet and no access to purified drinking water. (2). Most patients had shorter operating times (50% patient – 60 minutes) and no post-operative complications (83.95%), highlighting PCNL’s efficiency. (3). Significant correlation between longer operating times and increased postoperative complications. (4). Larger stones (>20mm), staghorn stones, and mid calyceal stones were associated with increased post-operative complications and longer hospital stays. Conclusions: This study assessed the prevalence of stone formation in North Indian population and its association with age, sex, and lifestyle attributes outside the stone belt region. The influence of various characteristics of stones on PCNL outcomes was also studied, providing insights for improving patient care and formulation of preventive measures to lessen incidence and recurrence of urolithiasis.