Parthenogenesis: An Expansive Review of Asexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals

Parthenogenesis represents a distinctive form of asexual reproduction wherein embryos originate from unfertilized eggs. Once considered merely a biological anomaly, it has now been documented across a wide range of taxa, including invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. Parthenogenesis provides valuable insights into developmental biology, genetics, and evolutionary processes. This review examines its classification, mechanisms, distribution, evolutionary significance, molecular foundations, and emerging roles in biotechnology and conservation. By integrating historical observations with contemporary research, we aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of this alternative reproductive strategy.