Population density dynamics and habitat vegetation composition of the Great Coucal (Centropus sinensis) in the vicinity of the Cholistan Desert

Growing habitat fragmentation, agricultural development, urbanization, and other environmental factors are posing major threats to the habitat and population density. This study examined the population dynamics of the Great Coucal (Centropus sinensis) in southern Punjab, Pakistan, from 2022 to 2024, across nine sites, assessing spatial, temporal, and seasonal variations. Results showed significant fluctuations, with peak densities in natural vegetation and farmlands during warmer months (April–June), reaching 45.67 ± 1.53 individuals/km² in June at Site 4. Conversely, the lowest densities occurred in semi-arid and urban areas during winter, dropping to 9.33 ± 7.02 individuals/km². A consistent population decline was observed from 2022 to 2024, particularly in semi-arid irrigated croplands (15.00 ± 7.89 individuals/km² in 2024). A temporary increase in 2022 was linked to reduced human activity during COVID-19 lockdowns, underscoring the species' sensitivity to anthropogenic pressures. Vegetation analysis highlighted Zizyphus nummularia, Mangifera indica, and Saccharum officinarum as dominant flora, providing essential resources. The study identifies habitat degradation, seasonal resource variability, and human activities as key drivers of population decline. Conservation strategies, including habitat restoration, sustainable land-use practices, and reduced anthropogenic disturbances, are urgently needed. Further research on environmental drivers and reproductive ecology is recommended to inform effective conservation planning for the Great Coucal in southern Punjab.