Performance and Egg Quality Responses of Laying Hens to High Copper Supplementation during the Early Production Phase

Abstract— As the poultry industry moves toward antibiotic-free production systems, identifying effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters has become a priority. Copper, an essential trace mineral, has gained attention for its antimicrobial properties and potential to enhance poultry performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high copper hydroxychloride supplementation on the performance and egg quality of laying hens during the early production phase. A total of 400 Hy-line laying hens at 16 weeks of age were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: a control group receiving a basal diet with 180g/T Virginiamycin (AGP) and a test group supplemented with IntelliBond copper at 216g/T (IBC). The trial lasted for 24 weeks including a 4-weeks adaptation period, with performance parameters including hen-day egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, egg mass, and egg quality traits monitored throughout. Results showed no significant differences in egg production rate or feed intake between treatments. However, hens fed the IBC-supplemented diet exhibited a significantly improved FCR, heavier eggs, and greater egg mass. Additionally, IBC supplementation enhanced yolk weight and yolk color without affecting eggshell quality, albumen height, or the incidence of defective eggs. In conclusion, IBC offers a reliable alternative to AGPs in laying hen diets. It improves feed efficiency and egg quality — particularly yolk color — while maintaining egg integrity and production performance, making it a valuable strategy for sustainable, antibiotic-free poultry production.