PRINCIPLES OF MODERN STUDY OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), also known as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs due to atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque within the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the myocardium. The clinical manifestations of IHD range from asymptomatic cases to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, electrocardiography (ECG), cardiac biomarkers, echocardiography, stress testing, and coronary angiography. Treatment strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy (antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, statins, nitrates), and invasive interventions such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Preventive measures play a crucial role in reducing the incidence and severity of IHD, emphasizing the importance of early detection and risk factor management. Continued research is essential for improving therapeutic approaches and patient outcomes.