The Role of Nano-medicines in Treating Cancer, Cardiovascular, And Neurodegenerative Disease. A Historical Overview Present Landscape and Future Perspective.

Nanomedicine fuses together nanotechnology and medicine with the use of nanoscale innovations to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. The conceptual groundwork of the field was first set by Richard Feynman in his infamous 1959 lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” where he discussed the idea of atomically scaling manipulation. The most important milestones since then have been the formation of Nanosystems LLC in 1999, the approval of Doxil by FDA in 1995, and the rapid development of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines to combat COVID-19 by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. Other recent developments include novel biodegradable nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery and new nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, and iron-oxide nanocrystals that have been transformed into more sensitive MRI, PET, and fluorescence imaging contrast agents. The clinical relevance of these technologies, known as Nanomedicine, includes improving the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the combination of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology is advancing precise drug delivery and the early detection of diseases. With continuous development in this field, growing possibilities like gene therapy and nanorobots stand to greatly improve personalized medicine. The review analyzes the historical development and the current hurdles faced.