PorcineParvoviruses:Classicaland NovelInsightsintoBiology,Pathogenesis,Diagnosis, and Epidemiology

Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) represent a diverse group of DNA viruses that significantly impact swine health, particularly reproductive performance. While PPV1 is a well-established cause of SMEDI syndrome (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility), the discovery of novel PPVs (nPPVs: PPV2–PPV8) has expanded the scope of viral epidemiology and pathogenesis in pigs. This article synthesizes current knowledge of both classical and novel PPVs, focusing on their molecular biology, taxonomy, evolution, clinical implications, diagnostic tools, and control strategies. Notably, nPPVs show considerable genetic diversity and potential for recombination, especially in high-density pig populations and through interaction with wild boars. Although the pathogenicity of nPPVs remains less defined, associations with respiratory and reproductive disorders have been suggested. Current diagnostic methods include serology, PCR and immunohistochemistry, while prevention relies heavily on inactivated vaccines and strict biosecurity. The emergence of genetically distinct PPVs and potential vaccine escape variants underscores the need for enhanced molecular surveillance and updated immunization strategies to mitigate the impact of these evolving pathogens on swine production.