Electrospun Nanofibers: Advancements in Fabrication Techniques and Applications

Electrospun nanofibers have attracted growing interest due to their high surface area, adjustable structure, and diverse material options, making them suitable for applications in biomedicine, energy, and environmental fields. This review outlines recent progress in electrospinning techniques, emphasizing their use in smart textiles, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and environmental cleanup. It also explores the impact of polymer blends, surface modifications, and functional materials on nanofiber performance. Challenges in scaling up production and integrating nanofibers into commercial products are addressed. Additionally, the review highlights current trends, such as sustainable electrospinning, multifunctional fiber development, and applications in flexible electronics and advanced filtration. Finally, it offers insights into future directions, focusing on innovation and cross-disciplinary research to expand the potential of electrospun nanofibers in various sectors.