The Hegemony of Male Power over Women: The Novel Perempuan Batih by A. R. Rizal in The Review of Antonio Gramsci's Hegemony

The background of this article is the disclosure of the problem of hegemony in literary works that reflect the various forms of male power hegemony over women in the Minangkabau ethnic group. Based on the background of the problem, the purpose of this article is to describe the form of male power hegemony over women in the Minangkabau ethnic community from the perspective of Antonio Gramsci's hegemony theory. The source of the research data is a novel entitled Perempuan Batih by A. R Rizal. The research data is the primary text sourced from the novel Perempuan Batih which was collected using the library method. The results of the study show that the hegemony of male power over women in the Minangkabau ethnic community is manifested through a) moral and social control, such as the prohibition of women by men to work freely in public spaces, the regulation of the selection of prospective husbands according to eligibility standards by brothers; b) regulation of the right to speak in gender relations between husband and wife in marriage; c) the imposition of ideal masculine ideology on women in terms of regulating financial matters, social and economic welfare in the household; and d) emotional manipulation as a way to disguise hegemony in unequal gender relations. The results of this study have implications for efforts to re-examine the importance of the involvement of literary works as references in the formulation of various socio-cultural policies in the midst of society that must care about the feminine gender.