AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH TRADITION IN INDIA VS PRESENT RESEARCH TRADITION

Abstract Agricultural research in India has undergone a significant transformation from traditional practices to modern scientific methodologies. The historical roots of Indian agricultural research can be traced back to ancient texts such as the Vedas, where references to soil fertility, crop rotation, and irrigation methods were documented. The traditional approach primarily relied on indigenous knowledge, natural farming techniques, and sustainability practices passed down through generations. However, with the advent of modern science and technology, agricultural research has shifted towards a data-driven, mechanized, and high-yield-focused system. The Green Revolution in the 1960s marked a turning point, introducing high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of crops, chemical fertilizers, and advanced irrigation techniques. Government institutions such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) have played a pivotal role in modernizing the sector. Research initiatives have expanded into biotechnology, genetic engineering, and precision farming, enabling higher productivity and resilience against climate change. Despite these advancements, traditional agricultural research practices still hold relevance, particularly in organic farming, soil conservation, and water management. Indigenous knowledge systems, such as the use of neem-based pesticides and natural fertilizers, continue to contribute to sustainable farming practices. In contrast, modern research focuses on genetically modified crops, artificial intelligence, and automation to address food security and climate resilience. The present research tradition emphasizes technology-driven solutions, including drone-based monitoring, big data analytics, and climate-resilient crop varieties. However, the over-reliance on chemical inputs and monoculture farming has raised concerns about soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and environmental sustainability. The integration of both traditional and modern research approaches is essential for achieving a sustainable agricultural future. This paper examines the evolution of agricultural research traditions in India, comparing historical practices with contemporary advancements. It highlights the need for a balanced approach that leverages traditional wisdom while incorporating modern innovations. Future agricultural research should focus on climate-smart technologies, resource-efficient farming, and farmer-centric innovations to ensure long-term sustainability and food security Key word: Agricultural Research, Traditional Practices, Modern Technology, Sustainability, Food Security, Climate Resilience.