Galloping Towards Sustainability: Equine Breeding, Climate Change, and Resilience in the Mediterranean

Equine breeding plays a crucial role in the socio-economic and cultural landscape of Tunisia, particularly in the semi-arid Mediterranean region of the Kef governorate. This study aimed to classify and analyze the typology of equine breeding systems in this region, considering the environmental, economic, and management constraints breeders face. A structured survey was conducted between October 2021 and June 2022, targeting 50 breeders across 10 localities. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Multiple Factor Analysis, and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis to classify breeding systems and identify their specific characteristics. Results revealed three distinct breeding systems: (1) Leisure and Traditional Games-Oriented Equine Farming (52%), integrating equines into rural cultural practices; (2) Racing and Competitive Equine Farming (46%), focusing on intensive performance breeding; and (3) Elite Breeding for Semen Production (2%), a highly specialized system emphasizing genetic selection and commercialization. The predominant feeding strategies included natural pasture, supplemented by barley, wheat bran, and vitamin-enriched feed. The study highlighted significant economic challenges, with 78% of breeders citing high feed costs and veterinary expenses as major constraints. A PESTEL analysis indicated that political instability, market fluctuations, and environmental constraints (low rainfall, and water scarcity) impact the sustainability of equine farming. A SWOT analysis identified the sector’s strengths (cultural heritage, growing equestrian tourism) and weaknesses (poor market structure, lack of genetic improvement programs), alongside opportunities (development of structured breeding programs) and threats (climate change, increasing production costs). In conclusion, structured breeding programs, cooperative farming models, and enhanced veterinary care are essential for ensuring the sustainability of equine farming in Tunisia. Future research should focus on optimizing breeding strategies, developing feed alternatives, and improving market access to enhance the economic viability of this sector.