How Does Physical Activity Affect the Circulatory System?

Abstract Physical activity has profound effects on the circulatory system, promoting cardiovascular health through various physiological adaptations. This review explores the acute and chronic impacts of exercise on the heart, blood vessels, and blood components. Acute effects include increased heart rate, cardiac output, and vascular resistance modulation, optimizing oxygen delivery during physical exertion. Chronic physical activity, especially aerobic exercise, induces structural and functional cardiovascular changes, such as improved heart efficiency, enhanced vascular elasticity, and reduced systemic inflammation. Additionally, exercise lowers blood pressure, improves lipid profiles, and reduces the risk of atherosclerosis, contributing to overall circulatory system health. Understanding these mechanisms underscores the importance of regular physical activity in preventing and managing cardiovascular Keywords: physical activity, aerobic effort, anaerobic effort, circulatory system, cardiovascular health, exercise physiology, heart function, blood vessels