A Systematic Review of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Responsible for Bacterial Pathogens Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

Bacterial pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Treponema pallidum, Granuloma inguinale, and Ureaplasma urealyticum play significant roles in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), posing risks of severe reproductive complications. This systematic review aimed to collect and analyze data on bacterial pathogens, focusing on their gender-specific infection rates, age prevalence, annual infection rates, epidemiological patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, and treatment approaches. A comprehensive review was conducted from 2015 to 2024, covering epidemiological patterns, diagnostic practices, and treatment protocols associated with these pathogens. Findings reveal that Chlamydia trachomatis affects 60% women and 40% men, primarily among those aged 15-49, with 128.5 million new infections annually. Neisseria gonorrhoeae infects 43% women and 57% men in the 15-24 age group, with 82 million new cases annually. Mycoplasma genitalium and Treponema pallidum affect predominantly young adults, with infection rates of 48% and 52% in men and women, respectively, and over 3 million new infections each year. Other notable findings include high prevalence rates of Granuloma inguinale in men (85-90%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum in women (67.9%). This study underscores the importance of accurate pathogen identification and epidemiological insight in preventing and treating STDs, which remain a major public health concern worldwide.