Critical Frequency Hypothesis: Electromagnetic Collapse into Closed Surface Particles

This paper proposes the Critical Frequency Hypothesis, which states that electromagnetic waves exceeding a certain vibrational threshold undergo a fundamental transformation: from wave-like behavior to localized surface-bound particles. This critical frequency marks the boundary between wave and particle regimes. Beyond it, the photon collapses into a massive closed surface, interpreted as a high-energy β-ray. The hypothesis connects photon frequency, relativistic energy, and geometric surface area via the relation: Se = β·hν / c² It offers a unified framework for understanding beta radiation, neutron emergence from deuterium collapse, and the formation of dark matter as cold neutron gas. These transitions are viewed as topological surface collapses governed by curvature and energy thresholds.