1+1 ≠ 2: Digital Friction, Uncertainty, And The Limits Of Technological Determinism

Emerging and Disruptive Technologies are fundamentally reshaping modern warfare, creating a paradox where military forces are empowered and constrained by digital advancements. Western militaries, particularly NATO, face growing friction as their force structures struggle to adapt to the constantly evolving Russian way of warfare witnessed in Ukraine. This paper introduces the concept of digital friction, the operational strain caused by overreliance on networked warfare in environments where war remains fundamentally analogue and unpredictable. By examining historical and contemporary conflicts, this study highlights the risks of digital determinism and advocates for a balanced approach where digital capabilities enhance rather than replace traditional warfighting competencies, as organised violence is inherently analogue.