Impact of Nanoparticle Size and Concentration on the Release Profile and Pharmacokinetics of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIS): A Comprehensive Review

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribe00000d for the treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders, yet their clinical efficacy is often limited by poor solubility, acid-lability, and short systemic half-life. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations by enhancing drug stability, improving bioavailability, and enabling controlled release. Among the critical formulation parameters, nanoparticle size and concentration play pivotal roles in dictating the release profile, absorption kinetics, and overall pharmacokinetic behavior of PPIs. This comprehensive review explores the mechanistic influence of nanoparticle size and concentration on drug dissolution, mucosal penetration, systemic absorption, and metabolism of various PPI molecules, including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and dexlansoprazole. It also examines recent advancements in nanoformulation strategies, experimental outcomes, and in vivo pharmacokinetic data that underscore the potential of tailored nanoparticle systems in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the review highlights current challenges, regulatory considerations, and future directions in designing nanoparticle-based PPI therapies with enhanced efficacy and safety. By integrating insights from nanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, and clinical pharmacokinetics, this review aims to guide future research and development efforts in the rational design of nano-enabled PPI formulations.