RISK FACTORS AND COMPLICATION RATES FOR PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is characterized by discontinuation in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract because of gastric acid secretion or pepsin. It extends into the muscularis propria layer of the gastric epithelium. It usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum. It may involve the lower esophagus, distal duodenum, or jejunum. Epigastric pain usually occurs within 15-30 minutes following a meal in patients with a gastric ulcer; on the other hand, the pain with a duodenal ulcer tends to occur 2-3 hours after a meal. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common digestive disorder that generally refers to an acid peptic injury in the stomach, duodenum, Meckel’s diverticulum, or esophagus. Most studies on PUD focused on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, which afects gastrointestinal diseases, such as PUD and gastritis. However, peptic ulcers are related to various risk factors other than H. pylori infection, including socioeconomic, environmental, and psychological characteristics and other potential factors. Besides, Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) if not diagnosed and treated promptly can lead to serious complications.