The JPL 2025a X/Ka Reference Frame

The JPL 2025a Terrestrial and Celestial Reference frames are based upon 20 years of X/Ka-band VLBI data from NASA’s Deep Space Network, 11 years from ESA”s Deep Space Network and 5 years of JAXA’s Deep Space network. This paper will discuss the unique challenge of construction global reference frames with only single-baseline data. In particular, we will look at the challenges of tying to the ITRF-2020 using station that have little overlap with other VLBI networks. We will present evidence for the precision of these frames and the prospects for improving them going forward.